Description: This paper uses arbitrage principles to show that equating expected costs unfairly lowers risk-adjusted costs for early generations and raises them for later generations. The use of expected rather than risk-adjusted returns on risky assets leads to sub-optimal decision making in re asset allocations, wage/pension negotiations, granting of valuable options (skim funds), and costly financing strategies such as Pension Obligation Bonds.

Description: This paper uses economic principles to analyze alternative recognition schemes for end-of-period retirement plan liabilities the candidates, using U.S. nomenclature, are the vested benefit obligation VBO, the accumulated benefit obligation ABO and the projected benefit obligation PBO.

Description: This working paper discusses the risks of investing in stocks in public pension funds.